Introduction -to- Ecology

A course covering population, community, and ecosystem ecology for undergraduates

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Strings

Built-in Functions


Use the built-in character functions tolower and toupper to manipulate and print the following string.

  1. "species" in all capital letters
  2. "SPECIES" in all lower case letters

There are other built-in character functions in R, but they are surprisingly clunky and difficult to use. Lucky for us, someone else thought so too and built a package called stringr, that we introduce next.

[click here for output]